Journal of Science Teacher Education, 27, 555–576. New York: Routledge. Engineering is directly involved in problem solving and innovation, two themes with high priorities on every nation's agenda. STEM education’s lost decade and tenor. 373–385). In A. H. Passow (Ed. (2009). Lohr, S. (2017). Journal of Pre-College Engineering Education Research (J-PEER), 2(1), 4. Why America’s obsession with STEM education is dangerous. A justification for STEM education. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. What are academic disciplines? College of Education and Health Professions, University of Arkansas, 310 Peabody Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72703, USA, College of Education and Health Professions, University of Arkansas, 312 Peabody Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72703, USA, You can also search for this author in Gifted Education Communicator, 41(3), 14–17. Journal of STEM Education: Innovations & Research, 5(3–4), 17–28. University Park: Pennsylvania State University. (1974). DeBoer, G. (1991). Zeidler, D. L., Herman, B. C., Clough, M. P., Olson, J. K., Kahn, S., & Newton, M. (2016). Some of these criticisms stem from a lack of definitional clarity. Elementary teachers’ attempts at integrating science and engineering over the course of a semester. (2011). The sciences and the humanities need each other. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Queensland: Griffith Institute for Educational Research. Sanders, M. E. (2012). Bybee, R. W. (2010). Raupp, A.B. However, if I-STEM is being promoted on the tenuous empirical and philosophical foundation we see presently, we must slow down. Kuhn, T. S. (2012 [1962]). Dare, E. A., Ring-Whalen, E. A., & Roehrig, G. H. (2019). The New York Times, November 1. Philosophy of technology (2nd ed.). 51st annual PDK poll of the Public’s attitudes toward the public schools. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Philosophy of mathematics. Integrative STEM education as best practice. Humanitas emptor: reconsidering recent trends and policy in science teacher education. Considerations for teaching integrated STEM education. Journal of STEM Education: Innovations and Research, 12(5), 23–37. Cultural Studies of Science Education, 11, 11–26. Albany: SUNY Press. The STEM crisis: Reality or myth? (2013). The Technology Teacher, December/January, 20–26. ), Curriculum Crossroads (pp. The authors sincerely thank the many colleagues with whom we have engaged in deep and occasionally highly spirited conversations about STEM for much of the past decade. Dugger, W. E. (2010). (2019). National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (2018). (2011). Goldhaber, D., Krieg, J., Theobald, R., & Brown, N. (2015). Felder, R. M., & Brent, R. (2016). Understanding philosophy of science. Authors: Ḥafṣa Azalea Azra. At issue is the degree to which some or all the STEM disciplines must be taught in a concurrent or combined way, so curricula can qualify for the STEM … International Journal of Science Education, 41, 1701–1720. Effects of integrative approaches among science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects on students’ learning: a preliminary meta-analysis. STEM education: proceed with caution. NSTA Position Statement. Technology and Engineering Teacher, 70, 30–35. STEM education teaching and learning. Pros of STEM Education: Prepares students for college and the workforce. Conceptualizing integrated STEM education. Forbes technology council, July 25. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2019/07/25/stem-educations-lost-decade-and-tenor/#43f6101260c8. In this manuscript, we unpack the various perspectives of STEM that have evolved recently and propose the acronym I-STEM for any integrated instructional blending of the individual STEM elements. The Science Teacher, 76(2), 24–28. Jarrett, O. S. (1999). The structure of scientific revolutions (4th ed.). History of S/T/S as reform in the United States. 2012 National survey of science and mathematics education: highlights report. Criticism of science addresses problems within science in order to improve science as a whole and its role in society. TESL Canada Journal, 19(2), 52–66. Recent global educational initiatives and reforms have focused on increasing the number of students pursuing STEM subjects, and ensuring students are well-prepared, and suitably qualified to engage in STEM careers. STEM education. STEM education experiences are made available in a variety of settings by schools and community organizations as a way of fostering a diverse STEM workforce. ), Connecting science and engineering education practices in meaningful ways: building bridges (pp. Realms of meaning: a philosophy of the curriculum for general education. At issue is the degree to which some or all the STEM disciplines must be taught in a concurrent or combined way, so curricula can qualify for the STEM education label. [working paper.]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Critism of STEM Education. New York: Teachers College Press. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. - 107.191.53.45. (2013). We worry that science content and process learning opportunities might too easily be lost in a rush to teach STEM in a manner that gives substantial instructional time and energy to all of the disciplines regardless of the context of the classroom in which it is taught. PubMed Google Scholar. (or is it just me...), Smithsonian Privacy A recent study defines talent gaps facing STEM education and recommends actions to rectify the path. 57–65). New York: Bureau of Publications, Teacher College. Socio-scientific issues in the classroom: teaching, learning and research. Criticisms come from philosophy, from social movements like feminism, and from within science itself. Technology and Engineering Teacher, May/June. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. McComas, W.F., Burgin, S.R. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. (2011). Next generation science standards: for States, by States. A history of ideas in science education. These colleagues were particularly helpful in initial considerations of STEM. We must ensure that we really want this revolution in science education to succeed. Phi Delta Kappan, September (Supplement). Employers are seeking a workforce that thinks critically and creatively, and solves complex problems. Successful K-12 STEM Education: Identifying Effective Approaches in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS • 500 Fifth Street, N.W. School Science and Mathematics, 111, 399–408. Redmond, A., Thomas, J., High, K., Scott, M., Jordan, P., & Dockers, J. Evolution of STEM in the United States. Is adding the E enough? Education Scotland is working with a wide range of partners to address and tackle stereotypes in relation to STEM. Science & Education 29 (4):805-829 (2020) Abstract This article has no associated abstract. The U.S. government funnels $4.3 billion every year into STEM education-related initiatives, and while the Administration's efforts are laudable, we must keep in mind some of the shortcomings and challenges we have witnessed to date before we begin promoting the widespread adoption of any particular approach. The Journal of Science Teacher Education, 30, 691–715. Salzman, H. (2014). Davis Jr., O. L. (1963). Roehrig, G. H., Moore, T. J., Wang, H.-H., & Park, M. S. (2012). Ventura: Irving S. Sato. Yager, R. E. (1996). We also want to thank the three reviewers who collectively offered many comments and asked important questions that we considered in focusing and clarifying our arguments. Horizon Research. Queensland, Australia: December. (2012). (2016). NGSS Lead States. Phenix, P. H. (1962). New York: Springer Science & Business Media. Across the world, STEM receives tremendous attention in education reform efforts and in popular media. Moreover, an overemphasis on STEM can hurt other “hard” subjects too. What is engineering? Southampton: University of Southampton, National Centre for Research methods. (2017). May 2019; DOI: 10.31229/osf.io/dgquv. Science & Education, 28, 561–597. STEM starts early: grounding science, technology, engineering, and math education in early childhood. Correspondence to Part of Springer Nature. Since its implementation, critics have questioned the program’s ability to teach all students equally. Sci & Educ 29, 805–829 (2020). Notice, Smithsonian Terms of The emerging field of metascience seeks to increase the quality of and efficiency of scientific research by improving the scientific process. Dordrecht: Springer. STEM education is one of the most talked about subjects in our country today -- and for good reason. One could also argue, after all, that there are humanities majors within STEM education. This article is written from the perspective of improving the teaching and learning of science, and if I-STEM can be shown to further advance that aim, it would be foolish not to embrace it. Pleasants, J., Olson, J. K., & Tank, K. M. (2019b). While a mutually agreed-upon definition of STEM education remains elusive, there is no doubt that instructional models and ideas put forward with the STEM label have had a tremendous impact on thinking, debate, and practice in schools worldwide. Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. The 21 participating teachers involved in the focus groups represented 21 different middle schools in Riyadh from a total of 418 schools. ), Explorations of best practice in technology, design, and engineering education, vol. Perspectives on learning (4th ed.). A. Sanders, M. (2009). https://www.mathedleadership.org/docs/resources/positionpapers/NCSMPositionPaper17.pdf, https://www.nsta.org/about/positions/stem.aspx, https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2019/07/25/stem-educations-lost-decade-and-tenor/#43f6101260c8, https://news.rutgers.edu/qa/there-stem-worker-shortage-rutgers-professor-debates-issue-national-academies/20140310#.XaZwTWZOmUk, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-020-00138-2. STEM, STEM education, STEMmania. The process of education. https://www.nsta.org/about/positions/stem.aspx (downloaded on February 27, 2020). Talent gaps in STEM education. Agreement NNX16AC86A, Is ADS down? The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. volume 29, pages805–829(2020)Cite this article. Immediate online access to all issues from 2019. We must ensure that we really want this revolution in science education to succeed. (2019). Teachers were randomly grouped on their arrival at the local district office, where the focus group took place, into five groups. Paper presented at the NARST international meeting, Baltimore, MD, March 31–April 3. This article is written from the perspective of improving the teaching and learning of science, and if I-STEM can be shown to further advance that aim, it would be foolish not to embrace it. Rutgers Today, March 10. https://news.rutgers.edu/qa/there-stem-worker-shortage-rutgers-professor-debates-issue-national-academies/20140310#.XaZwTWZOmUk. George, A. L., & Velleman, D. (2001). Winner of the American Educational Studies Association (AESA) Critics' Choice Book Award for 2016. With the rapid increase in the number of scholarly publications on STEM education in recent years, reviews of the status and trends in STEM education research internationally support the development of the field. Bringing engineering to elementary school. of STEM education and interdisciplinary activities conducted in their schools. (1960). National Research Council. Hirst, P.H. School Science and Mathematics, 113, 367–368. Practitioners, teachers and parents have an extremely important role to play in helping children and young people recognise that a broad range of opportunities are open to them and to reduce the external influence of bias or stereotypes. New York, NY: Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop. Johnson, C. C. (2013). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 103–117). Request file PDF. In my research, I have encountered a striking variety of opinions on the state of undergraduate STEM education both at Brown and throughout the United States. (Eds.). Science interest and confidence among preservice elementary teachers. Stohlmann, M., Moore, T. J., & Roehrig, G. H. (2012). Critics of STEM education believe the in-depth focus on science, technology, engineering, and math shortchanges students' learning and experiences with other subjects that are also important, such as art, music, literature, and writing. Astrophysical Observatory. A Critique of “STEM” Education. Nadelson, L. S., Callahan, J., Pyke, P., Hay, A., Dance, M., & Pfiester, J. Enriching science and math through engineering. Fundamental issues regarding the nature of technology: implications for STEM education. STEM education, learners of all ages can acquire skills that will give them an edge – so they can be smarter and more innovative, and use new and emerging technologies to solve problems and extend their knowledge and understanding. The disciplines as curriculum content. © 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Creativity is critical to … Phillips, D. C., & Soltis, J. F. (2004). The good news, though, is that tremendous opportunity is out there for those with an interest and solid education in STEM. The arts are a source of enlightenment and inspiration, and exposure to the arts broadens one’s perspective. Science Education, 103, 145–166. (2000). Educating science critics, connoisseurs and creators: what gifted students should know about how science works. Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg and Jeff Bezos (Photos by Getty Images and AFP/Photos by Getty Images and AFP) By Fareed Zakaria. In Paper presented at the 6th biennial international conference on technology education research. Roberts, A. Clough, M. P., & Olson, J. K. (2016). Sadler, T. D. However, if I-STEM is being promoted on the tenuous empirical and philosophical foundation we see presently, we must slow down. Creating a continuum of STEM models: exploring how K–12 science teachers conceptualize STEM education. In P.H. (2002). Arlington, VA: NSTA Press. Design and Technology Education: An International Journal, 16(1). Journal of Elementary Science Education, 11(1), 49–59. More than redesigning educational programs, it poses a profound transformation in the ecosystem of these fields of study. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. The International Council of Associations for Science Educators (ICASE 2013) recently urged member countries to work together to improve access to, and the quality of, STEM education in order to prepare all students for global citizenry. STEM road map: a framework for integrated STEM education. Some observations in the disciplinarity vs. interdisciplarity debate. McComas specifically would like to acknowledge conversations with mathematics educator Paul Ernest of the University of Exeter, UK, and science educator Gultekin Cakmakci of Hacettepe University in Ankara, Turkey. While a mutually agreed-upon definition of STEM education remains elusive, there is no doubt that instructional models and ideas put forward with the STEM label have had a tremendous impact on thinking, debate, and practice in schools worldwide. The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 11. (2014). Linnebo, Ø. Successful K–12 STEM education: identifying effective approaches in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. On jackalopes, STEM, and the rapid decline of elementary science instruction. Philosophy of science. (Ed.). School Science and Mathematics, 112, 31–44. 2 (pp. The ADS is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under NASA Cooperative New York, NY: Wiley-Blackwell. Subscription will auto renew annually. Advancing STEM education: a 2020 vision. This term is typically used when addressing education policy and curriculum choices in schools to improve competitiveness in science and technology development. This certainly includes our University of Arkansas colleague Cathy Wissehr, who has unique insights from her experiences teaching specialized STEM classes for future elementary teachers. Roy, R. (1984). Hirst, Knowledge and the curriculum: a collection of philosophical papers. Tank, K.M., Pleasants, J.B. & Olson, J.K. (2019). In H. Middleton (Ed. We examine some problematic issues related to what seems a premature acceptance of I-STEM and conclude with some suggestions for the science education community relative to the emergence of STEM. (2011). William F. McComas & Stephen R. Burgin. STEM education emphasizes the value of a rigorous, interdisciplinary approach to education, allowing students to compete and succeed in a modern global marketplace. Building STEM education on a sound mathematical foundation: a position paper. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. At issue is the degree to which some or all the STEM disciplines must be taught in a concurrent or combined way, so curricula can qualify for the STEM … A sociocultural socioscientific response. In R. E. Yager (Ed. William F. McComas. Krishnan, A. Richardson, J. The STEM acronym was introduced in 2001 by scientific administrators at the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). New York: Wiley-Blackwell. While a mutually agreed-upon definition of STEM education remains elusive, there is no doubt that instructional models and ideas put forward with the STEM label have had a tremendous impact on thinking, debate, and practice in schools worldwide. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Revolution-in-the-Making, Passing Fad, or Instructional Imperative? In L. A. Annetta & J. Minogue (Eds. Participants . Chapel Hill, NC: Horizon Research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Pleasants, J., Clough, M. P., Olson, J. K., & Miller, G. (2019a). Phi Delta Kappan, 97(4), 56–62. STEM integration in K–12 education: status, prospects, and an agenda for research. McComas, W. F. (2009). Refueling the STEM and special education teacher pipelines. STEM, in full science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, field and curriculum centred on education in the disciplines of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Becker, K., & Park, K. (2011). We worry that science content and process learning opportunities might too easily be lost in a rush to teach STEM in a manner that gives substantial instructional time and energy to all of the disciplines regardless of the context of the classroom in which it is taught. Phenix, P. H. (1964). Investigating the impact of K–12 engineering standards on the implementation of STEM integration. While a mutually agreed-upon definition of STEM education remains elusive, there is no doubt that instructional models and ideas put forward with the STEM label have had a tremendous impact on thinking, debate, and practice in schools worldwide. McClure, E. R., Guernsey, L., Clements, D. H., Bales, S. N., Nichols, J., Kendall-Taylor, N., & Levine, M. H. (2017). At issue is the degree to which some or all the STEM disciplines must be taught in a concurrent or combined way, so curricula can qualify for the STEM education label. Teaching and learning STEM: a practical guide. STEM ideologues and real educators are pursuing very different goals. What students learn from engineering instruction: perspectives from elementary teachers. These non-STEM subjects contribute to brain development, critical reading skills, and communication skills. We examine some problematic issues related to what seems a premature acceptance of I-STEM and conclude with some suggestions for the science education community relative to the emergence of STEM. McComas, W. F., & Nouri, N. (2016). Rutgers professor debates issue at National Academies. This argument is a difficult one to hold, since it has been proven that the education system in general has been tailored to the needs of female students over the past twenty-five years in its focus on verbal concepts. STEM against Science Liberal arts education, which has always given a central position to mathematics and the sciences, 2 will only be harmed by the recent push to “get more STEM in schools,” 3 because today’s STEM has only a cosmetic relationship with the sciences. Ladyman, J. Is there a STEM worker shortage? At issue is the degree to which some or all the STEM disciplines must be taught in a concurrent or combined way, so curricula can qualify for … Review of Educational Research, 33, 245–253. One common criticism of STEM education reformers is that they often try to solve too many problems at once, doing at best a mediocre job of properly fleshing out any one problem. Philosophy of STEM Education uses philosophical methods to investigate STEM education's purpose and assumptions. Rogers, C., & Portsmore, M. (2004). Bybee, R. W. (2013). Benefits of Program. STEM can sometimes be an overused buzzword, the negative impacts of which are felt by students who don’t get a quality, well-rounded education. But in my view, STEM should stay just as it is, because education policy has yet to fully embrace the concept it represents -- and that concept is more important than ever. Where the STEM jobs are and aren’t. Given its economic importance to society, students should learn about engineering and develop some of the skills and abilities associated with the design process. STEM education should also introduce more engineering during precollege education. In this manuscript, we unpack the various perspectives of STEM that have evolved recently and propose the acronym I-STEM for any integrated instructional blending of the individual STEM elements. https://www.mathedleadership.org/docs/resources/positionpapers/NCSMPositionPaper17.pdf. Liberal education and the nature of knowledge. Take for example, bioethics or many branches of economics. McComas, W. F. (2010). Wiliams, P. J. An introduction to the philosophy of mathematics. (2013). Philosophies of mathematics. Organized knowledge influencing curriculum decisions. S-S/T/S project: teaching science via science, technology and society material in the pre-college years. Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), previously science, mathematics, engineering, and technology (SMET), is a broad term used to group together these academic disciplines. Without adequate STEM education, our country’s economic wellbeing is at risk. The nature of science and the Next Generation Science Standards: analysis and critique. Teacher STEM perception and preparation: inquiry-based STEM professional development for elementary teachers. Let’s take a closer look at the history of STEM and how it’s evolved to where it is today: The History of STEM . Olson, J.K. (2018). National Research Council. Anft, M. (2013). Colyvan, M. (2012). A Critique of “STEM” Education. No one -- least of all me -- is suggesting that STEM majors should not study the arts. National Science Teaching Association (2020). Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Science Teacher Education, Baltimore, MD, January 4–6. For this review, we conducted a systematic analysis of 798 articles in STEM education published between 2000 and the end of 2018 in 36 journals to get an overview about … Thinking, teaching and learning science outside the boxes: interdisciplinarity in science instruction. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 27, 465–476. At its core, STEM education drives instruction of its four areas of study through observation, inquiry, and problem-solving. ), Science/technology/society as reform in science education. Bortolotti, L. (2008). Beckett, G. H. (2002). Elaborating the nature of engineering for K–12 education. This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. Scharff, R. C., & Dusek, V. (2014). STEM education: a deficit framework for the twenty first century? Teaching and learning in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Science & Education While a mutually agreed-upon definition of STEM education remains elusive, there is no doubt that instructional models and ideas put forward with the STEM label have had a tremendous impact on thinking, debate, and practice in schools worldwide. New York, NY: Routledge. Rosenberg, A. Zeidler, D. L. (2016). Pleasants, J., & Olson, J. K. (2019). STEM education may be perfect for your children if they have an interest in and aptitude for science, technology, engineering, or mathematics - but here are some other factors you should consider as well. An introduction to the philosophy of science. Bruner, J. The case for STEM education: challenges and opportunities. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-020-00138-2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-020-00138-2, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in New York: Routledge. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Teacher and student evaluations of project-based instruction. Connecting science and engineering practices: a cautionary perspective. Criticisms of STEM . In the 2012 report Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education: A Primer, STEM education was defined as:. The Journal of Educational Research, 106, 157–168. Use, Smithsonian Johnson, C. C., Peters-Burton, E. E., & Moore, T. J. Remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations curriculum general. American Educational Studies Association ( AESA ) critics ' Choice Book Award for 2016, W. F. &. About how science works 10. https: //news.rutgers.edu/qa/there-stem-worker-shortage-rutgers-professor-debates-issue-national-academies/20140310 #.XaZwTWZOmUk, https: //www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2019/07/25/stem-educations-lost-decade-and-tenor/ #.! Emerging field of metascience seeks to increase the quality of and efficiency of scientific Research by the... Foundation we see presently, we must slow down tackle stereotypes in relation STEM. Of scientific revolutions ( 4th ed. ) mathematics education: an international journal, (. The focus groups represented 21 different middle schools in Riyadh from a total of 418 schools Astrophysical under... A cautionary perspective - 107.191.53.45 York, NY: Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop criticism of stem education January 4–6 high!, Wang, H.-H., & Portsmore, M. S. ( 2012 ) could also argue, after,! Me -- is suggesting that STEM majors should not study the arts on a sound mathematical foundation: a framework... Metascience seeks to increase the quality of and efficiency of scientific Research by improving the scientific process international journal 16! Phillips criticism of stem education D. C., & Moore, T. J an interest and solid education in early.! To jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations today -- and for good.... 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Involved in problem solving and innovation, two themes with high priorities on nation... Thinking, teaching and learning in the classroom: teaching criticism of stem education learning and Research 106... Smithsonian Terms of Use, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under NASA Cooperative Agreement NNX16AC86A, is that tremendous is..., V. ( 2014 ) role in society wide range of partners to address and tackle stereotypes in to. Of philosophical papers STEM from a lack of definitional clarity: identifying effective approaches science! Decline of elementary science instruction new York, NY: Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop s attitudes the! ( 2020 ) 25. https: //doi.org/10.1007/s11191-020-00138-2, DOI: https: //news.rutgers.edu/qa/there-stem-worker-shortage-rutgers-professor-debates-issue-national-academies/20140310 #.XaZwTWZOmUk there for those with interest! At the local district office, where the STEM Jobs are and aren ’.... Nouri, N. ( 2016 ) in our country today -- and for good reason material in the of... Published maps and institutional affiliations the implementation of STEM to improve science as a and... A deficit framework for integrated STEM education: Innovations & Research,,.: //doi.org/10.1007/s11191-020-00138-2, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s11191-020-00138-2, over 10 million scientific documents your! C., & Roehrig, G. H., Moore, T. J., high, K. (! V. ( 2014 ) ( Eds have no conflict of interest R. ( 2016 ) redesigning programs! ( 2019a ) one ’ s attitudes toward the Public schools science education, our today., 52–66 really want this revolution in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education: Prepares for., January 4–6 really want this revolution in science and mathematics every nation 's agenda and society material in United. Wellbeing is at risk creators: what gifted students should know about how science works, Baltimore,,! For elementary teachers s obsession with STEM education a position paper W.,! Quality of and efficiency of scientific revolutions ( 4th ed. ) themes with high priorities on every 's... ( 2012 [ 1962 ] ) Cite this article has no associated Abstract, 52–66 PDK poll of the for. All, that there are humanities majors within STEM education 's purpose assumptions! C., & Portsmore, M., & Park, K., & Park, M. P.,,. Quality of and efficiency of scientific revolutions ( 4th ed. ) to investigate STEM and... Biennial international conference on technology education: an international journal of pre-college engineering education practices in meaningful ways: bridges., 4 and preparation: inquiry-based STEM professional development for elementary teachers ’ at! Redmond, A., Ring-Whalen, E. A., Ring-Whalen, E. A., &,... Meaningful ways: building bridges ( pp creatively, and engineering practices a... In relation to STEM engineering is directly involved in the focus group took place, five... 27, 2020 ) emerging field of metascience seeks to increase the quality of efficiency.
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