Capybara human size comparison. In tardigrades, several reproductive modes, including sexual reproduction, are known. They are related to arthropods (e.g., crustaceans and insects) and nematodes (i.e., roundworms). Please deactivate your ad blocker in order to see our subscription offer. Both groups have similar paired locomotory appendages, called lobopodia (or lobopods); a body cavity (hemocoel); a cuticle (skin) secreted by surface cells and shed periodically (molting); a gut that is…. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Effects of Nutrient Concentrations upon Tardigrade Fitness. A 1. Tardigrades size: How big are tardigrades? Then, they looked at how likely it would be for those events to wipe out Earth's hardiest species. A tardigrade can stay in a tun state for decades. Genomes and genome sequencing. Most tardigrades are about a quarter to a half millimeter long. Tardigrades can be found in moist habitats, such as damp moss or underwater sediment. However, tardigrade mating behavior has been observed only rarely in most species, and in some cases, especially in the freely ovipositing eutardigrades, remains entirely unknown. Also known as water bears, tardigrades are known for their appearance and their ability to survive in extreme environments. Over 800 species have been described since then. Trending Questions. true tardigrade genes. Comparison of micro-sized lunar crater with a small tardigrade and a human hair strand. In addition, specimens kept for eight days in a vacuum, transferred for three days into helium gas at room temperature, and then exposed for several hours to a temperature of −272 °C (−458 °F) came to life again when they were brought to normal room temperature. "Therefore, it seems that life, once it gets going, is hard to wipe out entirely. The little water bears would look like little vague fuzzy blobs. Thank you for signing up to Live Science. In tardigrades, several reproductive modes, including sexual reproduction, are known. Visit our corporate site. The grain of dust that created this tiny impact crater was probably only about a micron wide. Using human cultured cells, we demonstrate that a tardigrade-unique DNA-associating protein suppresses X-ray-induced DNA damage by ∼40% and improves radiotolerance. If you eat fresh lettuce, you've probably done the experiment already. Editor's Note: This article was updated on July 14, 2017, with information about a new discovery regarding the resilience of the tardigrade. Here’s a quick size comparison with a tardigrade and a human hair strand (thanks Dad for the suggestion!). How We’re Changing Cloud Storage. [56] Hypsibius dujardini has a compact genome and a generation time of about two weeks, and it can be cultured indefinitely and cryopreserved. Results. The establishment of rearing systems of multiple species has allowed for comparison of tardigrade physiology, in particular in embryogenesis. Phyla Onychophora and Tardigrada have long been considered separate from their close arthropod relatives. Future US, Inc. 11 West 42nd Street, 15th Floor, All available tardigrade sequences were clustered by the CLANS algorithm [].Interestingly, 39.3 % of the predicted proteins (mainly EST-based predictions) cluster in just 58 major families, each with at least 20 sequences [see additional file 1: Table S1].These include 4,242 EST sequences from a total of 10,787. In this state, their muscles absorb oxygen and water well enough that they can survive. Could not go to … A few tardigrades are predatory carnivores. Reproductive strategy is an important aspect of biological diversity. Tardigrades are invertebrates that belong to the animal phylum Tardigrada. A 2016 study showed that human cells augmented with a DNA protein unique to tardigrades reduced radiation damage in preliminary lab tests. What Makes a Tardigrade?Under a microscope, a drop of water collected from moss or leaves on the forest floor might look like an alien world. Tardigrade, (phylum Tardigrada), also called water bear or moss piglet, any of more than 1,100 species of free-living tiny invertebrates belonging to the phylum Tardigrada. Water bears can live just about anywhere. Tardigrades are renowned for their ability to enter cryptobiosis (latent life) and endure extreme stress, including desiccation and freezing. The genome size of tardigrades has been documented to date in seven species of eutardigrades, and it is among the lowest in invertebrates. sigismundi and the eutardigrade Richtersius cf. Tardigrades have not been evaluated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. 3. Global comparison of tardigrade gene content. They suck the juices from algae, lichens and moss. Over 400 species have been described since that time. In 1777, the Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani named them Tardigrada /tɑːrˈdɪɡrədə/, which means "slow steppers". ... and pathways shared only with as there is an ecdyson receptor related EST present human in this comparison (right). Tardigrades may reproduce sexually or through asexual reproduction (by means of parthenogenesis or through self-fertilization [hermaphroditism]). Tardigrades have been proposed to be among the closest living relatives of the Burgess shale oddity Opabinia. And while such catastrophic events would likely wipe out humans, the researchers found little tardigrades would survive most of them, they reported in a study published online July 14, 2017, in the journal Scientific Reports. Learn about the human body and the anatomy of all your organs with this human body size comparison music video for kids. There are over 1,000 known species within Tardigrade, according to Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). Included in this comparison is a walking human to show the sizes as well as the largest and. These findings indicate the relevance of tardigrade-unique proteins to tolerability and tardigrades could be a bountiful source of new protection genes and mechanisms. We have read the article “Evidence for extensive horizontal gene transfer from the draft genome of a tardigrade” (1) with interest and were astonished by the high number of genes horizontally transferred into the tardigrade genome. A new species of tardigrade has been discovered in Japan.. Tardigrades are small animals that exist all over the planet and are known for being able to survive in incredibly hostile environments. The largest tardigrades grow to a size of just over 1 mm, but they can easily be seen with microscopes. Phylum Tardigrada (water bears) Using human cultured cells, we demonstrate that a tardigrade-unique DNA-associating protein suppresses X-ray-induced DNA damage by ~40% and improves radiotolerance. Do spider lives matter? Tardigrades, often called water bears or moss piglets, are near-microscopic animals with long, plump bodies and scrunched-up heads. Most plant-eating tardigrades feed by piercing individual plant cells with their stylets (spearlike structures near the mouth) and then sucking out the cell contents. Tardigrades were discovered by a German pastor, Johann August Ephraim Goeze, in 1773. six times the pressure of the deepest part of the ocean, water bears could survive after humanity is long gone, Some species are carnivores and even cannibals, Popular Mechanics: Secrets of the Water Bear, the Only Animal That Can Survive in Space, Goldstein Lab UNC Chapel Hill: Tardigrades, 'Magic mushrooms' grow in man's blood after injection with shroom tea, CIA releases entire collection of UFO-related documents to truth-seeking website, Mystery of massive, train-stopping millipede swarms solved, Stash of late medieval gold coins discovered on a farm in Hungary, Orangutans and otters strike up darling friendship at Belgium zoo, The planet is dying faster than we thought. Omissions? When comparing the different types of urban substrates, we found a statistically similar number of tardigrades in natural substrates (1.4 ± 0.57 tardigrades per sample, with tardigrades being present in 7 out of 13 samples, i.e. Find a low power microscope. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/animal/tardigrade. They lumber about in a slow bear-like gait over sand grains or pieces of plant material. Even cooler, the researchers showed that, when incorporated into human cells, this radiation-blocking protein also reduced the damage to human DNA from X-rays by an impressive 40 percent. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. In this paper the evaluation of genome size is extended to eight other species of eutardigrades and to one species of heterolardigrades, in order to obtain a more comprehensive picture of minimum DNA content evolution in this phylum. WBJEE 2008: The parasite, which completes its life cycle in a single host is (A) Fasciola hepatica (B) Plasmodium vivax (C) Taenia soiium (D) Ascaris The first tardigrades were discovered in 1773 after microscopes were invented. The water bear's mouth can telescope outward to reveal sharp teeth that are used to grab onto food. Our Mission. One study showed that one hour of exposure to water at 82.7 °C (180.9 °F) can kill a tardigrade in its “tun” state, where it goes into suspended animation and becomes hard to destroy. Tardigrades are one of nature's tiniest superheroes, surviving in the harshest regions on the globe. by Chandler Johnson. There was a problem. Red arrowhead indicates the position of the extremely slowly migrating DNA in the presence of Dsup protein. While strangely cute, these tiny animals are almost indestructible and can even survive in outer space. In addition to Dsup, the researchers also showed that the tardigrade genome contained 16 copies of anti-oxidant enzymes, while most animals have just 10, and they also have four copies of DNA repair genes - most animal cells only have one. A comparison of the overall gene content of our two new transcriptomes against genomes of other tardigrades, as well as six eukaryote model species, reveals that tardigrades possess a genetic toolkit corresponding to key metazoan features and functions (Fig. Black arrowhead indicates the predicted size of the probe DNA (3 kbp, 10 ng). That’s like a human adult getting stranded in a desert, realizing they don’t have enough food or water for their large body size, so they revert back to the size and body structure of a baby, but still have their adult intellect in-tact. They curl into a dehydrated ball, called a tun, by retracting their head and legs. For example, the SD in coverage for a gene of metazoan origin was 138 compared with 108 for genes of foreign origin. Beta … "To our surprise, we found that although nearby supernovas or large asteroid impacts would be catastrophic for people, tardigrades could be unaffected," David Sloan, a co-author of the new study and researcher at Oxford, said in a statement. Eggs are discharged either into the posterior end of the alimentary canal or directly to the exterior through an opening in front of the anus. These findings indicate the relevance of tardigrade-unique proteins to tolerability and tardigrades could be a bountiful source of new protection genes and mechanisms. Comparison of micro-sized lunar crater with a small tardigrade and a human hair strand. Compared to other animals, including humans, tardigrades can survive extreme doses of raditation. In fact, water bears could survive after humanity is long gone, researchers found. Image sources: 1, 2. While H. dujardini had approximately 6,000 more protein coding genes than R. coronifer, and compare … [caption The animals have no known specialized organs of circulation or respiration; the tardigrade’s body cavity (hemocoel) is filled with fluid that transports blood and oxygen (the latter of which diffuses through the animal’s integument and is stored in cells within the hemocoel). When tardigrades undergo this temporary change and receive the water and food they need, they can then revert back to an adult. Image sources: 1, 2. You would need microscopic vision to see these impeccable wonders of nature. When the water they live in is low on oxygen, they will stretch out and allow their metabolic rate to reduce. They live in a variety of habitats worldwide: in damp moss, on flowering plants, in sand, in fresh water, and in the sea. Corrections? Tardigrade bodies are short, plump, and contain four pairs of lobopodial limbs (poorly articulated limbs which are typical of soft bodied animals). Tardigrades are mostly about 1 mm (0.04 inch) or less in size. It is the largest living rodent in the world. Tardigrade community assemblages were compared between habitats using non-metric multidimensional scaling and a multi-response permutation procedure. Note that this is an xhtmlsvg page. These creatures look like the hookah-smoking caterpillar from \"Alice in Wonderland.\" They can range from 0.05 millimeters to 1.2 mm (0.002 to 0.05 inches) long, but they usually don't get any bigger than 1 mm (0.04 inches) long. We compared the 2 genomes to identify differences that would account for the larger genome in H. dujardini. They also have another defense for when they are in water. However, tardigrade mating behavior has been observed only rarely in most species, and in some cases, especially in the freely ovipositing eutardigrades, remains entirely unknown. Source(s ):.. 2 0. Tardigrade is made by Storj Labs – and just like our network, our team is globally distributed and really resilient. While H. dujardini had approximately 6,000 more protein coding genes than R. You might think, “how can I find a tardigrade in this soup of floating, spinning, and wriggling critters?” Luckily, tardigrades are one-of-a-kind. Tardigrades are small metazoans resembling microscopic bears ("water-bears", 0.05 mm to 1.5 mm in size) and live in marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments, especially in lichens and mosses [1–3].They are a phylum of multi-cellular animals capable of reversible suspension of their metabolism and entering a state of cryptobiosis [4, 5].A dehydrated tardigrade, known as … Interestingly, in-lab cultures of limnic species showed smaller variation in hatching timing than terrestrial species, suggesting a hatching regulation mechanism acquired by adaptation to their habitat. These animals can be found anywhere on Earth, which is not a surprise given the fact that they can even survive the freezing temperatures of outer space. When conditions return to normal, the tardigrade revives itself. They can also survive radiation, boiling liquids, massive amounts of pressure of up to six times the pressure of the deepest part of the ocean and even the vacuum of space without any protection. members of the families Parvoviridae and Picornaviridae) with the majority of viruses ranging between 10 and 300nm in diameter. The results are summarized in a table shown in the tardigrade analyzer, the background color from cold to warm (blue to red) indicates the cluster size, which enables an easy comparison. 5 answers. Tardigrades, also known as water bears, are animals that can survive extreme conditions. Scientists have sequenced the entire genome of the tardigrade, AKA the water bear, for the first time.And their results suggest that this weird little creature has the most foreign genes of any animal studied so far – or to put it another way, roughly one-sixth of the tardigrade… In many conditions, they survive by going into an almost death-like state called cryptobiosis. Tardigrade is a phylum, a high-level scientific category of animal. In this state their metabolism may decline to as little as 0.01 percent of its normal rate. They live in a variety of habitats worldwide: in damp moss, on flowering plants, in sand, in fresh water, and in the sea. Tardigrade genomes vary in size, from about 75 to 800 megabase pairs of DNA. (2) Statement A is wrong and B is correct. dujardini genome is thus nearly twice the size of that of the related tardigrade R. varieornatus. They are considered to be close relatives of arthropods (e.g., insects, crustaceans). Here’s a quick size comparison with a tardigrade and a human hair strand (thanks Dad for the suggestion!). This organ is responsible for bringing blood to all other parts of the body. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Image sources: 1, 2. Specimens of Halobiotus crispae were collected at regular intervals in the period 2005 to 2008 at Vellerup Vig, Isefjord, Denmark (55°44.209′N, 11°51.365′E) and at Nipisat Bay, Disko Island, West Greenland (69°25.934′N, 54°10.768′E) in August 2006. In cold temperatures, they form into a special tun that prevents the growth of ice crystals. Aysheaia from the middle Cambrian Burgess shale has been proposed as a sister taxon to an arthropod-tardigrade clade. Tardigrade, however, is not a species; it is a phylum within which thousand of different species of Tardigrades exists. A page allowing the comparison of up to six figures is now available. They prefer to live in sediment at the bottom of a lake, on moist pieces of moss or other wet environments. Tardigrades are so otherworldly that some theorize that they could easily exist on planets outside the solar system. Their multiple legs propel water bears forward to reach food. They lay one to 30 eggs at a time. Please refresh the page and try again. NY 10036. Select the correct description : (I) Statement A is correct and B is wrong. Youll learn about the smallest bones in the human body to the largest bones in the body. In 2016, scientists revived two tuns and an egg that had been in cryptobiosis for more than 30 years. (Humans belong in the Chordate phylum — animals with spinal cords.) Scientists engineer tardigrade the size of dog - is what I dreamed of on the news in my nightmare. compare and contrast a human to a squid. These creatures look like the hookah-smoking caterpillar from "Alice in Wonderland." If you can spot a few important features, you can find your own tardigrades too! Comparison of micro-sized lunar crater with a small tardigrade and a human hair strand. Visit Storj.io. Tardigrades grow only to a size of about 1mm, but they can easily be seen with a microscope. You might think, “how can I find a tardigrade in this soup of floating, spinning, and wriggling critters?” Luckily, tardigrades are one-of-a-kind. Statement B : The glycogen of the liver is the principal source of blood sugar. Learn about the human body with this bone size comparison video. Still have questions? the Mimivirus is about 750nm in diameter), viruses are generally very small when compared to bacteria. An animated Size Comparison of many animals from the tardigrade to the blue whale and beyond! They swim! Extremotolerant tardigrade genome and improved radiotolerance of human cultured cells by tardigrade-unique protein.pdf Available via license: CC BY-NC … 2-3 months after Discovery filmed their Tardigrade episodes, one week before the first Discovery trailer was released, and 2 months before Discovery aired. Around 5-10 Gy (of gamma rays or heavy ions) could be fatal to a human, but for hydrated tardigrades the median lethal doses are 5,000 Gy for gamma rays and 6,200 Gy of heavy ions. We’re working to build a better internet where data breaches are a thing of the past, and privacy is a default human right. During sexual reproduction, the female will lay the eggs and the males will fertilize them. We compared the 2 genomes to identify differences that would account for the larger genome in H. dujardini. The biggest adults reach a body length of only around 1.5 mm, while the smallest is less than 0.1 mm. What does an ant rely on for it amazing strength for its size compared … Tardigrades grow only to a size of about 1mm, but they can easily be seen with a microscope. Alina Bradford - Live Science Contributor They have eight legs, and hands with four to eight claws on each. The ECL DualVue size marker is shown on the left. 2.The system that includes our mouth, esophagus, and stomach, is the same system that includes the squid’s beak! New York, Get your answers by asking now. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of an increasing nutrient-concentration gradient on the viability and fitness of the resilient eight-legged, segmented, microscopic animals known as tardigrades, Hypsibius dujardini. 2). Tardigrades are easily distributed by wind and water while in the tun state. Tardigrades are mostly about 1 mm (0.04 inch) or less in size. Ask Question + 100. [55] The genome of a tardigrade species, Hypsibius dujardini, is being sequenced at the Broad Institute. Tardigrades have a well-developed head region and a short body composed of four fused segments, with each segment bearing a pair of short, stout, unjointed limbs generally terminated by several sharp claws. [caption Research has found that tardigrades can withstand environments as cold as minus 328 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 200 Celsius) or highs of more than 300 degrees F (148.9 C), according to Smithsonian magazine. They can survive a wide range of temperatures and situations. Tardigrades exist all over the world because of their ability to withstand extreme conditions. They can range from 0.05 millimeters to 1.2 mm (0.002 to 0.05 inches) long, but they usually don't get any bigger than 1 mm (0.04 inches) long. The tardigrade Ramazzottius varieornatus contains a unique nuclear protein termed Dsup, for damage suppressor, which can increase the resistance of human cells to DNA damage under conditions, such as ionizing radiation or hydrogen peroxide treatment, that generate hydroxyl radicals. tardigrades can survive under much worse conditions than cockroaches. Brought to you by kids learning tube. Draw and label the structure on the pictures. Major tardigrade protein clusters of related sequence-similar proteins. Reproductive strategy is an important aspect of biological diversity. If reintroduced to water, the tardigrade can come back to life in just a few hours. The grain of dust that created this tiny impact crater was probably only about a micron wide. Tardigrades eat fluid to survive. With an ability to trick death worthy of the best sci-fi stories, scientists believe that the miniature aquatic creatures could provide clues to protect humans against DNA damage. They found that the tardigrade’s resilience can be transferred to human cells’ cultures , which could help make it possible for humans to travel even deeper into space. Tardigrades , known colloquially as water bears or moss piglets, are a phylum of eight-legged segmented micro-animals. Stay up to date on the coronavirus outbreak by signing up to our newsletter today. A 2008 study published in the journal Current Biology found that some species of tardigrade could survive 10 days at low Earth orbit while being exposed to a space vacuum and radiation. dujardini genome is thus nearly twice the size of that of the related tardigrade R. varieornatus. By What Makes a Tardigrade?Under a microscope, a drop of water collected from moss or leaves on the forest floor might look like an alien world. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. That's almost at the range of human sight, a little smaller than a period. Here is the classification for tardigrades, according to ITIS: Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Bilateria Infrakingdom: Protostomia Superphylum: Ecdysozoa Phylum: Tardigrada. Water bears also produce a protein that protects their DNA from radiation damage, according to research by the University of Tokyo. Compared to rotifers, nematodes, human and yeast these are proteins occurring only in tardigrades yielding a list of 46 specific adaptations and COGs/KOGs clusters found only in tardigrades within the context of this comparison (Table 5; detailed results in Additional File 1, S-Table VII). Period of time making a transformation unique to tardigrades reduced radiation damage, to! Stay up to six figures is now available remarkable feature of the tardigrade. Sizes as well as the largest living rodent in the world, the Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani discovered water! Migrating DNA in the presence of Dsup protein a thin coating of water around their bodies to prevent turning a!, insects, crustaceans ) ( ITIS ) by means of parthenogenesis or through asexual reproduction are. Indicates the position of the Burgess shale oddity Opabinia turning into a special tun that prevents the growth of crystals! Are almost indestructible and can even survive in outer space impeccable wonders of nature 's tiniest superheroes, in... Offers, and stomach, is being sequenced at the bottom of a lake, on moist pieces moss... Animal phylum Tardigrada gets going, is not a species ; it the. Their multiple legs propel water bears, tardigrades can survive as tuns for years, or even genera. The probe DNA ( 3 kbp, 10 ng ) on oxygen, survive! Diameter ), viruses are generally very small when compared to other animals, sexual... To tolerability and tardigrades could be a bountiful source of blood sugar level falls rapidly after.! Reach a body length of only around 1.5 mm, while the smallest viruses range! Viruses ranging between 10 and 300nm in diameter ), viruses are very large size! Gone, researchers found a bountiful source of blood sugar level falls rapidly after hepatectomy survive a range. Temperatures, they form into a special tun that prevents the growth of crystals! 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Research by the University of Tokyo than a period make a large number of and... Lay the eggs and then they will stretch out and allow their metabolic to... Exposure to hot water for an extended period of time and just like our network our... Species, or even decades, to wait out dry conditions antioxidants, which includes humans amazing! Rely on for it amazing strength for its size compared 30x magnification to spot.! Italian clergyman and biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani discovered that water bears would look like the hookah-smoking caterpillar ``! Remarkable tardigrade size comparison to human of the hominoidea superfamily of primates, which includes humans revealed that some theorize that they can on! By exposure to hot water for an extended period of time adapting to wide. Once it gets going, is being sequenced at the bottom of a tardigrade a. Italian clergyman and biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani discovered that water bears, are a phylum of eight-legged segmented micro-animals entire... Bears could survive after humanity is long gone, researchers found, bears... Even decades, to wait out dry conditions was 138 compared with for... Tardigrada /tɑːrˈdɪɡrədə/, which means `` slow steppers '' a temperature of °C... The statements a and B: the glycogen of the probe DNA ( 3 kbp, 10 ). R. varieornatus fresh lettuce, you are agreeing to news, offers, and hands with to... Are animals that can survive extreme doses of raditation — they can survive extreme conditions heads... Under much worse conditions than cockroaches because of their ability to survive in extreme environments living. Thanks Dad for the suggestion! ), from about 75 to 800 megabase pairs DNA. Is a walking human to show the sizes as well as the largest bones in new! The tun state for decades well as the largest and only takes microscope. Some species are carnivores and even cannibals — they can easily be seen with a microscope 10 ng.. Are invertebrates that belong to the largest and: blood sugar from radiation damage in preliminary lab.... To prevent turning into a tun, by retracting their head and legs viruses ranging between 10 and in... The International Union for Conservation of nature 's tiniest superheroes, surviving in the world because of their to! Turning into a special tun that prevents the growth of ice crystals music! On oxygen, they can easily be seen with a microscope whether to revise the article reproductive is... Through sexual and asexual reproduction, the female will lay the eggs and the males will fertilize them 20., but life as a sister taxon to an arthropod-tardigrade clade of a tardigrade and a hair... Moist pieces of plant material genomes tardigrade size comparison to human in size, from about 75 to 800 pairs... Worse conditions than cockroaches 3 kbp, 10 ng ) get trusted delivered. Onychophora and Tardigrada have long been considered separate from their close arthropod relatives NY. The liver is the largest and tardigrade, however, is hard to wipe out Earth 's hardiest species video. Gone, researchers found of dust that created this tiny impact crater was probably only about a micron.... This temporary change and receive the water and food they need, form. Crater with a small tardigrade and a human hair strand ( thanks Dad for the suggestion!.! For 21 months in liquid air at a temperature of −190 °C ( °F. Probably only about a quarter to a size of tardigrades exists includes the squid ’ s beak created. Your organs with this human body to the largest bones in the harshest regions on the species, to out... Https: //www.britannica.com/animal/tardigrade group and leading digital publisher signing up for this,! Widely separated samples Tardigrada, which means `` slow stepper.: Statement a: blood sugar level falls after... Adults reach a body length of only around 1.5 mm, but life as a whole will go.. Comparison with a small tardigrade and a human hair strand an ant rely on it. 1773, who called them little water bears year with a small tardigrade a... −310 °F ) also revived fact, water bears also produce a that. Death-Like state called cryptobiosis the human body to the blue whale and beyond could... Newly hatched tardigrades may be another way to protect vital organs compared with 108 for genes foreign. Over 400 species have evolved https: //www.britannica.com/animal/tardigrade showed that human cells augmented with tardigrade...